Honeycrisp on Geneva G11 dwarf rootstock. G.969 is resistant to fireblight, collar rot, and woolly apple aphid. Moderate resistance to both fireblight and woolly apple aphid and replant tolerant. Resistant to crown rot, fireblight, and the woolly apple aphid; tolerant of replant disease. Cameron nursery grades roots into 3 grades and 6 sizes from 1/8" to 7/16". Grafting Kit $12: Includes Rubber ties 5-160mm x6mm, 10-140mm x3.5mm, 3ft. A more vigorous clone of M9, this rootstock produces a less brittle root system than other M9 clones. Numbers under 5 should always have backup of alternates and are limited to 1 per person/order I do my best to spread genetic material around. $4.49. Geneva 935 Apple Rootstock dwarfs trees to 30-35% of standard height. The orange one ($11) is basic. A good replacement for G30 without the graft union brittleness. It is precocious, resistant to fire blight, crown rot, and woolly apple aphid, replant tolerant, and propagates well in the stool bed. [40-45% size of standard tree] Good precocity. Traits You can order 1, 2, 50, or thousands of rootstocks. EMLA 9 is also susceptible to crown gall and fireblight. Good preciosity and vigor suitable for weaker growing varieties. 2003. 1/8", 3/16" - 100 per bundle Rootstocks are roughly 1/4" diameter, approximately pencil-size. [40-50% size of standard tree] Precocious. But MM.106 is very susceptible to crown rot and almost uniquely sensitive to Tomato Ringspot Virus. This rootstock has fiberous roots and does well in a wid. Anchorage: excellent $0.50 each additional: 1 year old and last years budded are ALSO $15-unless noted see Grafted Trees 2016PayPal (add 3%) or mail: Gil@skipleyfarm.com call/text 206-679-6576 or mail to: Skipley Farm 7228 Skipley Rd. Has been our major rootstock for conservation plantings.NOVOLE An introduction from the Geneva rootstock breeding program, Novole has a non-preference type of resistance to meadow voles and pine voles (orchard mice). In some test plantings subjected to unusually high winds, there has been union breakage of Gala trees on G.30. Geneva 214 originated from a planned cross in 1975 of Ottawa 3 x Robusta 5 by Cornell University and Geneva Apple Rootstock Breeding Program. High yield efficiency. Good resistance to crown rot and fire blight, this rootstock produces trees about 11-16' tall. A very popular apple. Horticultural Value Geneva 214 has high yield efficient and productive with yields of 100 to 125 percent of M.9 in most U.S. trials. Very winter-hardy. - While some of the rootstock options fall in the semi-dwarf vigor range, tree support is still recommended. The Geneva 935 is a nursery friendly rootstock. Geneva 935 dwarfs trees to 30-35% of standard height. these are available RIGHT NOW. Size: 25% 30% of standard. Well anchored. (In the nursery, G.65 is resistant to scab and mildew, too). ; add $1 per variety >40, Shipping is $8 up to 10 scions, $0.20 each additional. EMLA 26 is susceptible to collar rot and should not be planted on wet or infected soils. Trees on M.7 are quite cold hardy. A virus-free clone of M9, EMLA 9, like other M9 clones, induces early cropping with large fruit size. Same great taste and crunch as the original. With a yield efficiency greater than Malling 9, G.890 is more productive than any self-supporting rootstock ever released in this size class. Geneva rootstock descriptions are based on New York growing conditions. Log in to your account to access the best pricing based on your past purchases; also see wholesale information. Any chance for a loquat scion which would bear fruit in the San Francisco Bay Area? Cold hardy and highly resistant to fire blight and crown rot. We ship using a PayPal platform which requires email and that way you get tracking. It is well anchored and does not require staking. Brittleness: N Precocity e trees that are about 40% of standard, similar to emla26. Geneva 890 is a newer semi-dwarf rootstock in the EMLA 7 to EMLA 106 size class. The rootstock G.11, released in 2001, is the same size as M.9 T337 and has gained popularity. ; Geneva Stock add $0.75 to each stock. From our experience growing in New York, we have found the Budagovsky (Bud), Geneva (G), and EMLA series to be great options since they are reported to be virus free and produce very healthy trees. Geneva 30 (G 30) This rootstock was developed at the Cornell University breeding program by Dr. Jim Cummings. Sufficient for 15 whip &tongue grafts, 30-40 buds. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. MUST BE ORDERED BY JULY 1ST. More about Pricing & Grading. Resistant to collar rot and apple scab. We are moving to Mark as a great dwarf to semi-dwarf tree without trellis. Your email address will not be published. Now you can propagate your own fruit trees for . Replant Disease: Resistant Similar in size to M26, Geneva202 is precocious and productive. Geneva41 is very cold hardy and precocious. Geneva 41 shows to be resistant to replant disease and appears to be winter hardy with no damage following the test winter of 1994. Recommended for dry, sandy sites. Zone 4-8. Resistant to collar rot. Rootstock as a key component to high . Geneva41 is very cold hardy and precocious. Staking and irrigation are recommended. You can get these rootstocks for as low as $2.95 each - see Volume Pricing above. Our Address259 Seven Mile Dr,Ithaca, New York14850 USA. Not compatible with Honeycrisp. fresh from PREMIUM supplier in Oregon. Click here for additional information on the Geneva series. The released rootstocks designated simply as Geneva or "G" have a wide range of characteristics and may or may not be suitable for the Mid-Atlantic region. [35-40% size of standard tree] Very cold hardy. Geneva 41 Apple Rootstock Small dwarf rootstock. In two recent trials, Bud.9 has been much more tolerant of fire blight than M.9 and we are using Bud.9 under fire-blight susceptible varieties. Below are the rootstocks we normally work with, if you are looking for a rootstock you do not see listed, please contact us and we may be able to source it for you. Compact Fruit Tree 37(3): 91-94. ; add $1 per variety >20, 500-999 $1.25 ea. "We have the capacity to produce more than a half million trees on Geneva rootstocks every year now, and we're hoping to reach into the millions in a few more years," he said. 140mm =100/1 oz. Moreover, you can get rootstocks for sale in bundles of 10 which are sold at a 16% discount. This rootstock requires support. The initial breeding program was started by Drs. Bud 9 is more winter hardy and less susceptible to fire blight than M9. And if you want to start a commercial-size planting please inquiry during summer! Irrigate your ground prior to planting your rootstock. determines which plants will thrive at a location. Also used as interstem on Bud 118 and EMLA111EMLA 9 T-337(2020) Like Bud 9, EMLA 9 is a full dwarf withg high precocity, heavy soil tolerant, phyththora resistant, wooley apple aphid resistant and to its credit, not quite as brittle as Bud 9. Some reports that fruit size is smaller, but this may be due to excessively heavy fruit setQUINCE A A Fully dwarfing rootstock, with very heavy production. GENEVA APPLE ROOTSTOCKS COMPARISON CHART v.4 . See my other listings for other rootstock varieties. Email: Gil@skipleyfarm.com call/text 206-679-6576.Apple Scionwood: once again Excel file list (Let me know your needs as order goes in early and I dont always handle hundreds unless theres a call for this), P22, 3/16(15-20%) Very small tree, better anchored than M9 and not as brittle. [30-35% size of standard tree] Precocious. SKU R010. Click here for additional information on the Geneva series. The black one ($13) is nice because the wide blade acts like a plane. Snohomish, WA 98290, 3. send $ with FB messenger to Skipley Farm, 2022 Certified rootstock I ordered from TRECO. Suckering: N [30-35% size of standard tree] The standard to which most Malling 9 type rootstocks are compared. Trees on G.65 are sturdy, well-anchored, thrifty little trees but they do require irrigation. Productive; well-anchored. The Geneva 41 produces a tree similar to trees grown on M-9 in the nursery. Excellent anchoring qualities with well-developed root system. Resistant to fireblight. This stock is free standing, but will require a trellis to support heavy early crops. [40-50% size of standard tree] Semi-dwarfing stock similar in size to M.26. Usually free standing, although sometimes anchorage can be a problem. Among the other insights Auvil offered to growers on the tour: We use a variety of semi-dwarfing and fully dwarfing rootstocks. Very resistant to collar rot and moderate resistance to mildew and scab. $5; one size only: $8/2oz. If 2 trees or less in column K = not for sale. Rootstock. Resistant to woolly apple aphid, but susceptible to collar rot. Bud 9/10 is common in high-density plantings, planted 2 to 4 feet apart in the row. Geneva 41 produces trees that are similar to the less vigorous M-9 rootstocks with good precocity and fruit size. Extremely difficult to propagate, so much so that we have never been able to get it into commerce. A late-blooming, crack-resistant tart cherry with red flesh. Geneva 214 is similar to Emla 26 size in New York but similar to Pajam 2 in Washington State. The Apple Collection in Geneva, NY (2008 NYFQ v. 16-1, 6.57 mb pdf) Apple Rootstocks. Suckering can be a problem with some interstem trees. Has tendency to sucker. 20-39=$2.50 ea., 40-99+=$2.25 each, 100-499=$2 ea.,500+=$1.75 ea. Resistance to collar rot and fireblight. Yes. Anchorage is fair; however, it does not perform well on light sandy soils. 1. Woolly Apple Aphid: Very Resistant. Listing is for qty of 5 Geneva 214 apple rootstocks. Lauded in the Northeastern U.S. as a rootstock for a free-standing tree, it's only recently been tested in the Northwest in trellised systems. We ship our seeds & plants to all 50 states. It is about 40 to, A tree on this rootstock will be 50 to 60 percent smaller than a, This semi-dwarfing rootstock produces a tree approximately 65-, produces a tree about 75-85% the size of a standard tree. Inventory Size: 1/8" 4-5mm Amount: 4774 Size: 3/16" 5-7mm Amount: 6350 Size: 1/4" 7-9mm Amount: 31914 Fazio said 220,000 trees have been planted on the rootstock so far. 10-19 $3 EA. Produces a tree similar to EMLA 26 in size. If you dont see what you need then custom order bench grafts where we are grafting nearly year-round. The Geneva rootstock we grow are treated with an anti-desicant when packed into storage bins. $5. If regrade rootstocks are available, they are sold at 20% less list price. Confirmed for 2022 delivery late February: Rootstock Prices are $4 for 1 or 2 3-9=$3.50ea. Has a strong graft union and is replant tolerant. It is also cold hardy and self-supporting. Resistant to collar rot, but susceptible to fire blight and woolly aphids. Willamette Nurseries is located in Oregons fertile Willamette Valley. An excellent choice for a free-standing, disease-resistant tree of M.7 size. We offer a variety of rootstocks for sale including disease resistant and traditional so that experienced and new growers can create their own orchards. Moderately resistant to powdery mildew. Our stock is Dormant, oct-March. Geneva 210 [60% size of standard tree] This rootstock is precocious, fire blight and woolly apple aphid resistant and cold hardy. We post the rootstock inventory in September. MUST BE ORDERED BY JULY 1ST. 8oz.$24/8oz. Fruit ripens 3 to 5 days earlier than on seedling stocks. One of the most widely planted rootstocks in the USA. $49 for 5 rootstocks with priority mail included for free. It usually exhibits a, A M9 sub clone from the Netherlands. Nic 29. The cheapy folding scissors work great! Geneva rootstock descriptions are based on New York growing conditions. Resistant to WAA,replant disease, phytophthora, fire blight and its very winter hardy.GENEVA 30 NAFrom Cornell-at-Geneva. Smallest to largest rootstock types, repeated at column AA with newer (to me) rootstock G11 to P18 and on to double grafts beginning with 106/M27. Resistant to collar rot, perennial canker, European canker, silver leaf, apple scab, powdery mildew and crown gall. History>2019>we had increased variety, many Genevas, a few EMLAs and a few Budagovskys and 2 Polish stock-Smallest to largest as percent of standard tree(25 to 40 feet): M27(20%), P2(25%), Bud 10(35%), T337(35%) G11,214(35-40%),G210(40%),G202(45%),G935(50%), Freestanding>Supporter 4(50%), G969(55%), EMLA111 75%, Bud118(80%) and P18(95%); Mark and P2 have performed very well for me with good early vigor and strong rooting, Bench grafted trees are $15 each, these are fresh grafted or budded in prior year. 2 sizes- 160mm x 6mm and 140mm x 3.5mm. Resistant to fire blight, crown rot and woolly apple aphid. Resistant to collar rot, scab, mildew, and gall; intermediate tolerance to fireblight. Resistance to crown rot, fireblight and woolly apple aphid and also replant tolerant. I cleaned her up and she runs like a charm. American persimmon seedlings cannot be shipped to California. Selected for resistance to crown rot, woolly aphids and fire blight. In fact these rootstocks for sale can be used to grow dwarf to standard sized trees. It is moderately resistant to fire blight and woolly apple aphid but not tolerant to replant disease. We offer this because we love that people all over America are trying their hands at grafting, budding, and creative orcharding. It is resistant to wooly apple aphid and highly resistant to fire-blight. It is adaptable to a wide range of soils; however, it is susceptible to collar rot and should not be planted on heavy soils that are not well drained. Premiums are included in the following prices if applicable. A terrible nursery subject fairly difficult to root; many spines. Fruit size often small. Geneva 214 has high yield efficient and productive with yields of 100 to 125 percent of M.9 in most U.S. trials. Some resistance to fireblight has also be demonstrated. Slightly more vigorous than Budagovsky 118, about 95% of standard. FISHER SCIENTIFIC CENTRIFUGE MARATHON MICRO A WORKS FINE . Females have a sweet 1-2 inch orange fruit in fall. number of salable plants resulting in higher rootstock production cost. Sold Out Quantity Added! Suckering can be a problem. Please pay attention to inventory numbers! From the Ottawa 3 x Robusta 5 cross. Tolerant of low temperatures. After April and before October they will have leaves and you should expect wilt. Shipping rootstock>1to4=$10;5to9=$15;10 to19 =$20; 20 to 39=$24; 40 to 99= $23;>100=$23+$.021 each. We offer many kinds of disease-resistant and traditional rootstocks. 2020ONE GREEN WORLD. Productivity efficiency like m9s; Resistant to crown rot and fire blight, WAA, tolerant of replant disease.GENEVA969 (G.969) about 50-55% Producing a self-supporting tree, similar properties as G.935GENEVA 890 (G.890) Produces a semi-dwarf tree that is 60% of seedling vigor in New York conditions, 40-50% in Washington state. We like to use MM.111 under spur-type varieties and under interstocks. x1 paraffin tape, 1/2 oz. Use Geneva stock for apple replant disease-where you need to plant in an old apple tree site.PAJAM-2, 40%) ~zero available-When considering a high density orchard the M-9 Pajam 2 rootstock would be a good choice if youre looking for a vigorous M-9.EMLA26, (45%), some older Available Recommended for use on all but badly drained soils. A virus-indexed clone of Malling 26, EMLA 26 is more vigorous than EMLA 9, but less vigorous than EMLA 7. Interested in purchasing 6 of your G-210 regrade rootstocks. ; $14/4oz. M 9 should be planted, This dwarfing rootstock, ideal for high density, This dwarfing rootstock, of Belgium origin, produces a, The interstem M-9 / EMLA 111 produces intermediate, is a Malling 9 type rootstock. If regrade rootstocks are available, they are sold at 20% less list price. 2021 CopenHaven Farms | All Rights Reserved, Phone (503)-985-7161 | Fax (503)-985-7876 | info@copenhavenfarms.com. The apples are picking nicely. Excellent choice for high density plantings. Order Your Rootstocks $4.35 ea. Very fast method to tie off buds. They have been planted on large scales and information exists on potential challenges. Well adapted to many climates, but does best in deep fertile soils. Phytophthora (Collar Rot, Crown Rot, Root Rot): Resistant It is similar to EMLA 7, but has better anchorage, higher production and fewer burr knots. 2023 Cummins Nursery | 1408 Trumansburg Road, Ithaca, NY 14850 | (607) 269-7664 | Terms & Conditions, Phytophthora (Collar Rot, Crown Rot, Root Rot). Learn how your comment data is processed. Click here for additional information on the Geneva series. Geneva 41 is highly resistant to fire blight and Phytophthora with no known tree death from this disease in field trials. It can be used for T budding because of the rounded nose where you roll the blade over the scion. ; 40 variety max. This rootstock requires support and supplemental irrigation is recommended particularly on lighter soils. Geneva 890 20-39=$2.50 ea., 40-99+=$2.25 each, 100-499=$2 ea.,500+=$1.75 ea. Ease of Grafting: Y, Fireblight: Very Resistant Your personal data will be used to support your experience throughout this website and to manage access to your account. We try to use rootstocks that have good disease resistance and cold hardiness for northern climates. Precocious: Y Malling 9 Produces a fully dwarfed tree with good fruit size and color. When considering a high density orchard the M-9 Nic 29 rootstock would be a good choice if youre looking for a more vigorous M-9 clone. It is particularly valuable as a dwarfing stock where satisfactory performance on M-9 is in doubt. The rock-star, cold-hardy apple from Minnesota. Robinson, T.L., S.A. Hoying, M. Fargione, and K. Iungerman. Sold out. Choose a fruit category to refine your search. ; 20 variety max., add $1 per variety >20, 200 499 $1.50 ea. It is very cold hardy and tolerant to replant disease, but susceptible to wooly apple aphid. Staking is recommended along with supplemental irrigation. Not quite so brittle as Malling 9, but staking is still strongly advised.BUDAVGOSKY 10 (Red-Leaved Paradise) (Bud )BUDAVGOSKY 118 (Bud.118) About the same vigor as MM.111, but as winter-hardy as Antonovka. Resistant to collar rot and fire blight. Resistant to collar rot and apple scab. Resistant to fire blight, phytopthora and woolly apple aphid. It is also susceptible to fire blight and should not be used in combination with fire blight susceptible varieties. Very precocious producing crops in 2-3 years and good winter hardiness. We post the rootstock inventory in September. (15 trees) Beautiful red strain of honeycrisp. We think G.41 is the best replacement for Malling 9 in high density plantings; GENEVA 65 Little Beauty The first introduction from the breeding program at Geneva, NY under the direction of Dr. James N. Cummins and Dr. Herb Aldwinckle. Rootstocks ship in March and April during our normal tree shipping season. Full standard vigor. They are stronger-rooted than emla27,p22 and p2 and usually free-standing. If traditional rootstock is not available, please consider softwood cuttings. Would like multiple varieties of scions for this spring, looking for specifics in plum category but also need a few types of peach and 3 types of apple! ; 20 variety max. Precocious and very productive. A replacement for Geneva30 in the M7 size category with a yield efficiency similar to M9. More about Pricing & Grading. Just a little more vigorous than M.9. A virus-indexed clone of M7a. G.969 came out of the Geneva, NY breeding program and the work of my father, Dr. Jim Cummins. Geneva 214 is also winter hardy. Burr knots and suckering are minimal. Quite prone to burrknots. Phone: 1-877-353-4028 Reimers strain of fire blight-tolerant seedlings. It makes a tree similar in size to EMLA 7. It is, A cross of M 26 x Robusta 5 hybrid, G 11 is similar in vigor to, This exciting new rootstock is one of several in a series of, This rootstock was developed at the Cornell University, Geneva 41 resulted from a cross between M.27 and Robusta, Another high-performing Geneva clone, G.210 has done the, One of the high-performing Geneva rootstocks, G.214 is the, will probably be competitive with G.41 in terms of tree, ) Reportedly very fire-blight resistant and producing a tree as, This is considered to be the full dwarf tree. Susceptible to fire blight. 1 year seedling $4.00 1 year seedling - bundle of 10 $35.00. After selecting a category, you will be able to select subcategories and further details; for example, apple > cider > bittersweet. A link to set a new password will be sent to your email address. Geneva 214 roots well with a few side shoots or spines that need to be removed. Once planted, water in immediately. EMLA 9 A virus-free clone of M9, EMLA 9, like other M9 clones, induces early cropping with large fruit size. Results will include your selected size class and similar sizes. Your email address will not be published. Size: 85% of standard. M.7 EMLA The old workhorse of the apple industry. Geneva 41 rootstock could be a good replacement for M-9 because its fruit production is as good or better and the added protection against fire blight and replant disease. Trees on Geneva 935 begin bearing early but staking is recommended as it is a shallow rooted rootstock. Geneva 935 Apple Rootstock dwarfs trees to 30-35% of standard height. Now you can propagate your own fruit trees for very low costs or preserve rare and heirloom varieties by grafting them onto to resilient rootstocks. Direct Rootstock Sales Our fruit and nut rootstock propagation facility, Feather River Plants, utilizes plant tissue culture techniques to clone today's top selections of highly sought-after rootstocks. A good choice for weaker growing varieties, shows more vigor in the nursery than B.9. Preferred- paypal (add2%) Pay Here Once Confirmed; larger orders I will produce a paypal invoice. It is slightly larger than Emla 26. Prices of scion and rootstock are here and again at the far right as well as at the bottom of this list, Column K L and M (beige): are available trees- see grafted trees. We cannot break bundles, and plants are $2.50 each on orders of less than 100 plants. [75-85% size of standard tree] Vigorous, well anchored rootstock that is resistant to collar rot and woolly apple aphids. Occasionally we will spray with an anti-transparent to slow water loss at the stomata/leaf. Very vigorous; best used as a root-and-trunk stock, with a dwarfing interstem interposed about 16 inches above the ground. Yellow Honeycrisp on B9 dwarf rootstock. Geneva rootstock descriptions are based on New York growing conditions. Vigorous and well anchored.BUDAVGOSKY 9 (Red-Leaved Paradise) (Bud.9) Same level of dwarfing as Malling 9, but about 5 degrees more winter hardy. Forhigh-density plantings of weak-growing cultivars, Cornell recommends 3-3.5' x 11-12' (1320-1037 trees/acre) and for vigorous cultivars 3.5-4 x 12-13' (1037-839 trees/acre). Produces a tree approximately 75% the size of trees on seedling. See the excel file in Grafted Trees, Scionwood, Bench double-grafted trees (w/interstem) are $20. The primary goals are to: reduce the tree size for manageability reduce labor to increase fruit production per acre improve fruit quality disease resistance where possible If processing growers are willing to plant at 4-5' in row spacings and 14' between rows, G.969 is recommended. You can get these rootstocks for as low as $2.95 each - see Volume Pricing above. In replant situations, it is common to have lack of vigor contributing to an undersized, low yielding orchard. Malling 26 Very productive dwarf tree but south of Pennsylvania, maybe more vigorous than expected. This rootstock requires support and supplemental irrigation is recommended. Difficult to root in the stoolbed. Extremely winter-hardy, as well as tolerant of wet feet. Tree spacing: See details Geneva 41 (G.41) Geneva 41 resulted from a cross between M.27 and Robusta Rootstock - Mike and Brian's Nursery A Wholesale Tree Fruit Nursery All rootstock listed is available for tree-growing contracts. Good for wildlife planting? We also grow several deciduous ornamental seedlings and cuttings which include maple, oak, beech, Planetree and serviceberry We've been sharing our passion for edible plants and organic gardening since 1994. Scionwood, cuttings, rootstock, supplies can be included in box with weight affecting shipping priority mail (or first class when <16oz.) Somewhat precocious. G.890 is tolerant to replant disease, and resistant to fire blight, crown rot, and wooly apple aphid. Not compatible with Honeycrisp. [45-50% size of standard tree] Vigor between EMLA 26 and EMLA 7. B10(Budagovski 10)Support required. Size: 30% 35% of standard. Tolerant of a wide range of soil conditions, and is a good selection for heavy, poorly-drained soils. Requires support. Quince A is more winter hardy than other quince strains, certainly through USDA zone 5.Quince BA29-C, (65%) 100availableBench grafted BUDDED trees are $15 each, shipping is $20 up to 8 trees. It is tolerant to replant disease. Size is similar to, or slightly smaller than, M26. Resistant to collar rot and fire blight. All picked here- few apples, good on grapes. You can graft and bud this high quality rootstocks with about 1/4 diameter. I begin shipping February 1st with southern states priority beginning as early as Jan. 1st. Susceptible to fire blight and wooly apple aphid. [35-40% size of standard tree] Slightly more vigorous than NAKB 9 337 dwarf rootstock. It is highly yield efficient and productive, with efficiency equal to or greater than M9. Quantity. This is the full retail price for orders of 1-24 rootstocks. best time to ship October-April. In Snohomish, Washington we cut scionwood in December and January through April and hold chilled through June, then fresh wood is cut and leaves stripped for summer budding in July-August. Tolerant of soil diseases. Red leaves, red wood, red blossoms, red fruit. Geneva Rootstocks Comparison Chart; Cornell-Geneva Apple Rootstocks for Weak Growing Scion Cultivars (2015 Fruit Quarterly v. 23-1) Apple Rootstocks Influence Mineral Nutrient Concentration of Leaves and Fruit (2015 Fruit Quarterly v. 23-2)

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