Finally, as Prussian military capacity far exceeded that of Austria, Prussia was clearly the only state within the Confederation (or among the German states generally) capable of protecting all of them from potential interference or aggression. Bismarck used the king's telegram, called the Ems Dispatch, as a template for a short statement to the press. [54][55], After the Frankfurt Parliament disbanded, Frederick William IV, under the influence of General Joseph Maria von Radowitz, supported the establishment of the Erfurt Uniona federation of German states, excluding Austriaby the free agreement of the German princes. During the Revolution of 1848, liberals met in the Frankfurt Assembly and drafted a constitution modeled on the ideals of the French Revolution of 1789. The Prussian king Frederick William III saw no advantage in traveling from Berlin to Potsdam a few hours faster, and Metternich refused to ride in one at all. [101] Under the subsequent Treaty of Frankfurt, France relinquished most of its traditionally German regions (Alsace and the German-speaking part of Lorraine); paid an indemnity, calculated (on the basis of population) as the precise equivalent of the indemnity that Napoleon Bonaparte imposed on Prussia in 1807;[102] and accepted German administration of Paris and most of northern France, with "German troops to be withdrawn stage by stage with each installment of the indemnity payment". Beyond the salons, Jews continued a process of Germanization in which they intentionally adopted German modes of dress and speech, working to insert themselves into the emerging 19th-century German public sphere. At a meeting in Biarritz in September 1865 with Napoleon III, Bismarck had let it be understood (or Napoleon had thought he understood) that France might annex parts of Belgium and Luxembourg in exchange for its neutrality in the war. The possibility of German (or Italian) unification would overturn the overlapping spheres of influence system created in 1815 at the Congress of Vienna. German unification had also been viewed as a prerequisite for the creation of a European federation, which Giuseppe Mazzini and other European patriots had been promoting for more than three decades: In the spring of 1834, while at Berne, Mazzini and a dozen refugees from Italy, Poland and Germany founded a new association with the grandiose name of Young Europe. The Prussian landed elites, the Junkers, retained a substantial share of political power in the unified state. [80], A quick peace was essential to keep Russia from entering the conflict on Austria's side. These individual governments rejected the potent combination of enticing promises and subtle (or outright) threats Bismarck used to try to gain their support against the Habsburgs. [10], After Napoleon's defeat, the Congress of Vienna established a new European political-diplomatic system based on the balance of power. Throughout the German states, city councils, liberal parliamentary members who favored a unified state, and chambers of commercewhich would see great benefits from unificationopposed any war between Prussia and Austria. This was particularly important for the emerging industrial centers, most of which were located in the Prussian regions of the Rhineland, the Saar, and the Ruhr valleys. Throughout the subsequent decades, beginning almost immediately after the defeat of the French, reaction against the mixing of Jews and Christians limited the intellectual impact of these salons. Eastern Junker power had a counterweight in the western provinces in the form of the Grand Bourgeoisie and in the growing professional class of bureaucrats, teachers, professors, doctors, lawyers, scientists, etc. In response, Catholics organized themselves into the Catholic Center Party, which was in an advantageous position to earn concessions from liberals and conservatives (and eventually socialists) trying to build political coalitions. On 15 November 1863, Christian IX became king of Denmark and duke of Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg, which the Danish king held in personal union. [1], Invasion of the (mostly ceremonial at the time) HRR by the First French Empire in the War of the Second Coalition (17981802) resulted in crushing the HRR and allied forces by Napoleon Bonaparte. This essay, and the others in this collection, focuses on Saxony, demonstrating how multiple groups of non-German ethnicities interacted in the era of unification. [26], Several other factors complicated the rise of nationalism in the German states. [81] In the day-long Battle of Kniggrtz, near the village of Sadov, Friedrich Carl and his troops arrived late, and in the wrong place. As German states ceased to be a military crossroads, however, the roads improved; the length of hardsurfaced roads in Prussia increased from 3,800 kilometers (2,400mi) in 1816 to 16,600 kilometers (10,300mi) in 1852, helped in part by the invention of macadam. Initially conceived by the Prussian Finance Minister Hans, Count von Blow, as a Prussian customs union in 1818, the Zollverein linked the many Prussian and Hohenzollern territories. This hope would prove futile since the 1866 treaty came into effect and united all German states militarilyif not happilyto fight against France. 432456. After the revolutions of 1848 there were increasing ties between nationalism and conservatism, [30] States more distant from the coast joined the Customs Union earlier. Lacking a geographically central organizing feature (such as a national capital), the rails were laid in webs, linking towns and markets within regions, regions within larger regions, and so on. In practice Young Europe lacked the money and popular support for more than a short-term existence. No amount of censorship, fines, imprisonment, or banishment, it seemed, could stem the criticism. Music scholars have also argued that the sustained E-flat not only represents the depths of Rhine River, but because Wagner was a Social Darwinist, the note represents creation itself; the music "evolves" from one simple note, and therefore Wagner's intention was that Germany itself, in spite of its newness, was an organic entity, existing in spirit, long before it was created politically. Garibaldi, supported by his legion of Red Shirts-- mostly young Italian democrats who . Prussian merchants, with the support of the Prussian crown, established the customs and trade union known as the Zollverein in 1834. The theater is in complete darkness as a long, sustained E-flat is played. Rural farmer. The Bavarian king, Ludwig II, who was one of the last German princes to agree to join the Prussian-dominated German Empire, provided the majority of the funds for its construction. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995. Over the ensuing thirty years (and more) other German states joined. [15], The period of Austrian and Prussian police-states and vast censorship between the Congress of Vienna and the Revolutions of 1848 in Germany later became widely known as the Vormrz, the "before March", referring to March 1848. Officially, the chancellor functioned as a one-man cabinet and was responsible for the conduct of all state affairs; in practice, the State Secretaries (bureaucratic top officials in charge of such fields as finance, war, foreign affairs, etc.) [19] Metternich was able to harness conservative outrage at the assassination to consolidate legislation that would further limit the press and constrain the rising liberal and nationalist movements. Although today, the four parts of the Ring Cycle operas, Das Rheingold (The Rhine Gold), Die Walkur (The Valkyries), Sigfried, and Gtterdammerung (The Twilight of the Gods), are performed as separate pieces, Wagner composed them as part of a single piece and insisted that they be performed on successive nights. 9th Edition. Smith, Helmut Walser, ed. The dramatic prelude to the war occurred largely in Frankfurt, where the two powers claimed to speak for all the German states in the parliament. The overall content of the speeches suggested a fundamental difference between the German nationalism of the 1830s and the French nationalism of the July Revolution: the focus of German nationalism lay in the education of the people; once the populace was educated as to what was needed, they would accomplish it. Yet there is a natural undercurrent tending to a national feeling and toward a union of the Germans into one great nation, ruled by one common head as a national unit. Divide students into the following groups and debate the "Polish Question." Despite the legal, administrative, and political disruption caused by the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the German-speaking people of the old Empire had a common linguistic, cultural, and legal tradition. Public opinion also opposed Prussian domination. Victoria and Albert Museum, Dept. All the rest of us would eagerly and joyfully follow you." Kaplan, in particular, pp. Industrialists and merchants thus brought liberal politics into German nationalism. He instead created a seating plan by which all seats faced the stage directly. The Polish members of the Reichstag, like the French and Danish members, organized into their own voting bloc to protest Germany's policies toward national minorities. Bismarck's path to unification came through diplomacy and war. The unification of Germany (German: Deutsche Einigung, pronounced [dt an] (listen)) was the process of building the modern German nation-state with federal features based on the concept of Lesser Germany (one without multinational Austria of the Habsburgs), which commenced on 18 August 1866 with adoption of the North German Confederation Treaty establishing the North German Confederation, initially a Prussian-dominated military alliance which was subsequently deepened through adoption of the North German Constitution. Sometimes, as with the case of German Catholics, this was a relatively benign process; the case of Poland, however, shows a different side of German unification. Chapter 19 AP Euro DRAFT. AP Euro: Unification 6 HISTORY on leer en el cafe 6 Verified answer Recommended textbook solutions Deutsch Aktuell: Level 1 1st Edition ISBN: 9780821952054 Wolfgang Kraft 303 solutions Vorsprung: A Communicative Introduction to German Language and Culture 4th Edition ISBN: 9780357036983 (5 more) Douglas J. By 1846, 180 steamers plied German rivers and Lake Constance, and a network of canals extended from the Danube, the Weser, and the Elbe rivers. Both impacting leaders, the Reformation's Martin Luther and the Qin Dynasty's Shi Huang Di make decisions that change the course of global history. [29], Formation of the Zollverein, an institution key to unifying the German states economically, helped to create a larger sense of economic unification. [70] To get the German states to unify, Bismarck needed a single, outside enemy that would declare war on one of the German states first, thus providing a casus belli to rally all Germans behind. [85], The Peace of Prague offered lenient terms to Austria but its relationship with the new nation-state of Italy underwent major restructuring. Dahlmann himself died before unification, but he laid the groundwork for the nationalist histories to come through his histories of the English and French revolutions, by casting these revolutions as fundamental to the construction of a nation, and Dahlmann himself viewed Prussia as the logical agent of unification. Following adoption of the North German Constitution, the new state obtained its own constitution, flag, and governmental and administrative structures. The German unification was also brought together by the Franco-Prussian war. Meanwhile, center-right revolutionaries sought some kind of expanded suffrage within their states and potentially, a form of loose unification. This newer scholarship has demonstrated the importance of the merchant classes of the Hanseatic cities and the industrial leadership (the latter particularly important in the Rhineland) in the ongoing development of the Second Empire. There is, in political geography, no Germany proper to speak of. [79] Complicating the situation for Austria, the Italian mobilization on Austria's southern border required a diversion of forces away from battle with Prussia to fight the Third Italian War of Independence on a second front in Venetia and on the Adriatic sea. [71] Regardless of motivation, by manipulating events of 1866 and 1870, Bismarck demonstrated the political and diplomatic skill that had caused Wilhelm to turn to him in 1862. Napoleon established instead a German client state of France known as the Confederation of the Rhine which, inter alia, provided for the mediatization of over a hundred petty princes and counts and the absorption of their territories, as well as those of hundreds of imperial knights, by the Confederation's member-states. [98] The German High Command expected an overture of peace from the French, but the new republic refused to surrender. [31], In contrast, the coastal states already had barrier free access to international trade and did not want consumers and producers burdened with the import duties they would pay if they were within the Zollverein customs border. . As chancellor, Bismarck tried without much success to limit the influence of the Roman Catholic Church and of its party-political arm, the Catholic Center Party, in schools and education- and language-related policies. [112], If the Wartburg and Hambach rallies had lacked a constitution and administrative apparatus, that problem was addressed between 1867 and 1871. In addition, a large part of Poland had been part of Prussia since the eighteenth century. No German state may treat Germans who are not its citizens as foreigners. Although they initially sought to restore central Imperial power, preserving a weak and fragmented Empire was convenient for France and Sweden, and therefore, their ensuing intervention led to the Peace of Westphalia which effectively thwarted for centuries any serious attempts to reinforce the imperial central authority and petrified fragmentation, resulting in the German-speaking territories comprising on the eve of the Napoleonic Wars still more than 300 political entities, most of them being parts of the Holy Roman Empire, though portions of the extensive Habsburg Monarchy (exclusively its large non-German-speaking territories: Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen and the Austrian partition of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) or of the Hohenzollern Kingdom of Prussia (both the German-speaking former Duchy of Prussia and the non-German-speaking entire territory of the Prussian partition of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) as well as the German-speaking Swiss cantons were outside of the Imperial borders. The effects of the railway were immediate. Bismarck's policies, especially the buildup of the Prussian army, led to conflict with the liberal-dominated Lower House of the Prussian parliament, which resisted his proposals to pay for the increase in military expenditures with new taxes until Bismarck and the crown agreed to lasting constitutional reform. Most European liberals in the Vormrz sought unification under nationalist principles, promoted the transition to capitalism, sought the expansion of male suffrage, among other issues. Some other pieces of content that you need to review are the rise . By 1870 three of the important lessons of the Austro-Prussian war had become apparent. Review the logistics and format of the exam, as well as useful resources to study for each unit. The invasion of Russia included nearly 125,000 troops from German lands, and the loss of that army encouraged many Germans, both high- and low-born, to envision a Central Europe free of Napoleon's influence. [59], Other nationalists had high hopes for the German unification movement, and the frustration with lasting German unification after 1850 seemed to set the national movement back. web dbq the unification of germany and italy answer all questions on looseleaf will be graded as a test introduction the 19th century was one of constant political turmoil napoleon conquered lands and united them into an empire The Franco-Prussian War. For example, raw materials could travel up and down the Ruhr Valley without having to unload and reload. They traced the roots of the German language, and drew its different lines of development together. The German Empire became," in Karl Marx's words, a military despotism cloaked in parliamentary forms with a feudal ingredient, influenced by the bourgeoisie, festooned with bureaucrats and guarded by police. Indeed, many historians would see Germany's escape into war in 1914 as a flight from all of the internal-political contradictions forged by Bismarck at Versailles in the fall of 1870. In 1848, nationalists sought to remedy that problem. [122], Mommsen's contributions to the Monumenta Germaniae Historica laid the groundwork for additional scholarship on the study of the German nation, expanding the notion of "Germany" to mean other areas beyond Prussia. . [89] The Austro-Prussian War also damaged relations with the French government. Supporters of Grossdeutsch, or Greater Germany, insisted that Prussians and Austrians with a common language naturally should be part of one nation. Thus Wagner emphasizes that German identity is tied with geographical boundaries, in this case, the Rhine River. These skeptics saw the proposal as a ploy to enhance Prussian power rather than a progressive agenda of reform. Save. The post Cold War reunification of Germany in 1990 seemed such a natural consequence of the end of the Cold War and the collapse of Soviet power in Eastern Europe that it is easy to forget that Germany had a fairly brief life span as a unified nation-state. [22], Crucially, both the Wartburg rally in 1817 and the Hambach Festival in 1832 had lacked any clear-cut program of unification. Austrian-Prussian dualism lay firmly rooted in old Imperial politics. The rank of nobility is abolished. Updated AP Edition. Document Packet Document 1 Otto von Bismarck: Letter to Minister von Manteuffel, 1856 Because of the policy of Vienna [the Congress of Vienna, 1815], Germany is clearly too small for us both [Prussia and Austria]; as long as an honorable arrangement concerning the influence of each in Germany cannot be concluded and . The difficulties of the Vormrz, the impact of the 1848 liberals, the importance of von Roon's military reorganization, and von Moltke's strategic brilliance all played a part in political unification. Who were the new members of this new nation? He refused for a variety of reasons. Despite the nomenclature of Diet (Assembly or Parliament), this institution should in no way be construed as a broadly, or popularly, elected group of representatives. Grand speeches, flags, exuberant students, and picnic lunches did not translate into a new political, bureaucratic, or administrative apparatus. Denis Mack Smith (editor). He then hoped that Austria would join in a war of revenge and that its former alliesparticularly the southern German states of Baden, Wrttemberg, and Bavariawould join in the cause. German Nationalism and Religious Conflict: Culture, Ideology, and Politics, 1870-1914. The Brothers Grimm, who compiled a massive dictionary known as The Grimm, also assembled a compendium of folk tales and fables, which highlighted the story-telling parallels between different regions. Carrying flags, beating drums, and singing, the participants took the better part of the morning and mid-day to arrive at the castle grounds, where they listened to speeches by nationalist orators from across the conservative to radical political spectrum. The overture to Das Rheingold sets the stage for the audience. At first Bismarck outlawed the SPD, but dissatisfaction with unification in Germany's cities, where workers sometimes viewed the German state as a tool of capitalism, proved that socialism was to become a significant force in post-unification German politics. The traditional view, promulgated in large part by late 19th- and early 20th-century pro-Prussian historians, maintains that Bismarck's intent was always German unification. The Prussian war cabinet understood that its only supporters among the German states against the Habsburgs were two small principalities bordering on Brandenburg that had little military strength or political clout: the Grand Duchies of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz. The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany, 1780-1918. Others wondered if the railways were an "evil" that threatened the landscape: Nikolaus Lenau's 1838 poem An den Frhling (To Spring) bemoaned the way trains destroyed the pristine quietude of German forests. The first episode in the saga of German unification under Bismarck came with the Schleswig-Holstein Question. This opportunity arose with the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. The Napoleon's campaigns in Poland (180607) resulting in his decision to re-establish a form of Polish statehood (the Duchy of Warsaw) at the cost of also Prussian-conquered Polish territories, as well as his campaigns on Iberian Peninsula, in western Germany, and his disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812 disillusioned many Germans, princes and peasants alike. Through military victory, Prussia under Bismarck's influence had overcome Austria's active resistance to the idea of a unified Germany. With the exception of the years 18721873 and 18921894, the imperial chancellor was always simultaneously the prime minister of the imperial dynasty's hegemonic home-kingdom, Prussia. [] His intention was nothing less than to overturn the European settlement agreed [to] in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna, which had reestablished an oppressive hegemony of a few great powers and blocked the emergence of smaller nations. [113], A key element of the nation-state is the creation of a national culture, frequentlyalthough not necessarilythrough deliberate national policy. Save Paper; Otto Von Bismarck - His Policies Of German Unification. AP European History Mr. Trinkner Boulder High School DBQ: German Unification Question: Weigh the relative importance of German nationalism and Prussian political aspirations in the unification of Germany. Guy, Monika Chavez, Thomas A. Lovik Students will analyze the creation of the German Empire as constructed "from above" by Prussian leadership through political institutions, economic interest, diplomacy, and war and the consequences of this for political, religious, and nationalistic opponents of German unification. This German dualism presented two solutions to the problem of unification: Kleindeutsche Lsung, the small Germany solution (Germany without Austria), or Grodeutsche Lsung, the greater Germany solution (Germany with Austria), ultimately settled in favor of the former solution in the Peace of Prague. Hitler often called on the German public to sacrifice all for the cause of their great nation, but his regime did not create German nationalism: it merely capitalized on an intrinsic cultural value of German society that still remains prevalent even to this day. Finally, it extended to the religion of the new Empire's population. Harvey, David Allen. [64], Bismarck expressed the essence of Realpolitik in his subsequently famous "Blood and Iron" speech to the Budget Committee of the Prussian Chamber of Deputies on 30 September 1862, shortly after he became Minister President: "The great questions of the time will not be resolved by speeches and majority decisionsthat was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849but by iron and blood.

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