The privacy of the individual inmate should be protected to the greatest extent possible, which typically means that medical interviews of inmates should be conducted out of earshot of correctional officers, and the disclosure of protected health information should be limited to situations that directly impact the health and safety of other inmates and/or correctional staff.[51]. The imprisonment rate for the United States is approximately_______per 100,000 citizens. Buyers cannot move . Assume that the Portland Trail Blazers center makes 58%58\%58% of his free-throw shots. True or False? One study that involved 1,207 men and women who entered jails at 10 sites found that among all subjects who identified as HIV-seropositive, 65% were Black. [16] In addition, when compared with men, incarcerated women have higher rates of unemployment (45.8% versus 26.7%), homelessness (17.4% versus 12.1%), and psychiatric comorbidities (43.6% versus 21.6%). Since individuals often engage in activities that may increase risk for HIV acquisition following release from the correctional setting, secondary prevention is a critical component of transitional care planning. This graphic represents systematic review and data synthesis compiled up to January 13, 2015. What is defined as the process by which an inmate becomes socialized into the customs and principles of the inmate society? The "Founder of Probation" is John Augustus. Referral to an HIV provider or specialist depending on the HIV medical providers experience, the stage of HIV, and complexity of medical issues. Source: World Prison Brief: Highest to LowestPrison Population Total. At year-end 2014, 1 in _____ adults in the United States was under community supervision. Criminologists Richard Hawkins and Geoffrey Alpert observe that the work of correctional officers is characterized by both ________. Source: Maruschak LM, Bronson J. HIV in Prisons, 2015Statistical Tables. Inmates' belief that a correctional officer can and will punish disobedience gives the officer __________. On any given day, more persons are housed in prisons than in jails, but over the course of a year the jail system encounters and houses many more distinct individuals; the higher total annual volume in a jail is due to much higher admission and release rates in jails than in prisons, where inmates typically have long sentences. Which of the following statements is true about correctional officers? QUESTION 68 The process of civilian gang members with no prior criminal history being recruited to apply to become correctional officers is called: a. testing b.active recruiting O c downing a duck O d. empathy QUESTION 62 Why do some scholars say that the criminal justice system is designed to fail? [11] Incarcerated women with HIV have an even higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders than their male counterparts. [3] The total adult population in the correctional system in the United States, including local jails, state prisons, and federal prisons, increased significantly during the 1980s and 1990s (largely as a result of the crackdown on illegal drug use), peaked in 2008, and then leveled off (or slightly decreased) (Figure 4) and (Figure 5). [76] At the end of 2016, approximately 4.5 million adults in the United States were in community corrections (Figure 17). In general, people sentenced to jail have a sentence of? If appointments cannot be made in advance, make walk-in arrangements with clinical providers. The sources of prisoners' rights are all except which of the following? The contents are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official views of, nor an endorsement, by HRSA, HHS, or the U.S. Government. The most frequent penalty in the Twelve Tables was? Some officers become alienated, cynical, and withdrawn. When the court has two separate hearings for different issues in a trial, one for guilt and the other for punishment, it is called a? These include untreated mental illness, medication side effects, lack of trust in the medical provider or in the benefit of taking antiretroviral medications, and social isolation. At the end of 2012, approximately ________ percent of the people who were employed in adult correctional agencies in the United States were security staff. Which of the following is a supervision strategy that uses electronic technology to track offenders who have been sentenced to house arrest, or who have been ordered to limit their movements while completing a sentence involving probation or parole? The ability of correctional facilities to successfully provide antiretroviral treatment for inmates is variable. Suicide is a threat to all persons involved in corrections. Zebulon Brockway was the first superintendent of ____________. In the past, most studies viewed the problem of misconduct as one of individual problem officers, the so-called bad apples on the force. December 2018. Fewer than half of state prison systems have implemented routine HIV screening programs, despite the 2006 CDC recommendation for universal screening in correctional health care facilities. Totality-of-conditions rulings have been handed down against prison systems in three states. This problem has been solved! The ___________ constantly finds problems with the way the institution is run or with existing policies and rules. [4] Among all persons in prisons, the state prisons account for nearly 90% of those in prison and the majority are males (Figure 6). "Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted" is the 5th Amendment. A person appointed by the juvenile court to serve as a special guardian for the youth being processed through thejuvenile justice system is called a? Quantifying units of time is an easy operation through psychological . Those officers assigned to security (or gun) towers, wall posts and perimeter patrols are called _____________. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Entering the ________ of a prison means finding in the diverse environment of the institution a niche that will accommodate an inmate's unique combination of needs. Which of the following statements is true? that an officer had to run to a squad car for a chain cutter. The process of making the offender a productive member of the community again is called? [6] From 2007 through 2018, Black individualsconsistently had higher prison incarceration rates were consistently higher among persons who are Black than those who are White(Figure 7). Complete applications for medical services in conjunction with the inmate. Cultural restrictions on behavior that forbid serious violations of group's values---such as murder, rape and robbery are called? The parole concept has its roots in an 18th century English penal practice of __________. They have formal authority to command. Factors that may be considered to increase the culpability of the offender are called? Jake is an inmate in a large state prison. To conduct themselves as professionals, jail staff must have all except which of the following? As of September 30, 2012, there were about ________ employees of adult correctional agencies in the United States. The mistreatment of Iraqi prisoners occurred at _________. The punishment device that held the prisoner in a sitting position, with feet and hands locked in a frame, was called the stocks. Time taken off an inmate's sentence for participating in certain activities such as going to school, learning a trade and working inprison is called _____________. Upon The ________ model holds that the inmate society is shaped by factors external to the prison environmentspecifically, the preprison experiences and socialization patterns that inmates bring with them when they enter prison. The most common cause of death among the world's prisoners is? In 1972, the case of__________ruled that the application of the death penalty, as it was then carried out, was unconstitutional and set aside 40 death penalty statutes. Antiretroviral medications are expensive and insurance no longer covers these medications after conviction; annual budgets in small- to moderate-sized jails are often too small to support payment for antiretroviral medications for even a limited number of persons with HIV. January 2009:1-28. [20], The landmark Supreme Court Estelle v. Gamble decision in 1976, which established that all incarcerated individuals have the right to adequate healthcare, provides the constitutional mandate for HIV care and access to treatment within the correctional setting. A. Some inmates with newly diagnosed HIV may require outside expert medical consultation. Which of the following statements is true? Some officers become intrusive and pry into the personal lives of inmates. The first juvenile court established in 1899 in? Sellers should focus on being helpful because buyers are powerless and need help to buy. A crime punishable by death or by incarceration in a prison facility for a year or more is called a? Show transcribed image text. [6]In the United States, from2008 through 2018, therewas an 8.6% decline in the total number of persons in prison and an 21.5% decrease in Black individuals who were in prison. Imminent threats. According to the text, which of the following statements about corrections officers' unions is true? [14,15], In the United States, the absolute number of men with HIV in state or federal prisons is consistently greater than the number of women by a ratio of more than 10 to 1, which is not surprising given the prison population is predominantly male. Considering the high HIV prevalencein the correctional settings, it is imperative that strategies and systems are in place to maximize initiation and uninterrupted administration of antiretroviral therapy within jails and prisons. The torture of Iraqi prisoners occurred under President__________. [26,69] Individuals taking antiretroviral therapy at the time of discharge should receive an adequate supply of antiretroviral medication as a bridge from jail or prison release to an appointment with a community provider. [7] The relatively high HIV seropositivity rates among incarcerated women has been associated with higher rates of specific HIV risk factors, including past sexual abuse, exchange of sex for drugs or money, multiple sex partners, low rates of condom use, and injection drug use. [25], In the United States, upon entry into jail or prison, it is estimated that approximately 22% of HIV-seropositive individualsare unaware they have HIV. The region of the country with the highest number of parolees is the ___________. The patterns of behavior expected of correctional staff members in particular jobs are called__________. "Ne'er-do-wells" were shiftless and irresponsible individuals. It also been observed that the functions have only one asymptote. To this end, we subscribe to the following principles. [9] Although the number of persons who have ever injected drugs is not routinely assessed in prison populations, a 2004 Bureau of Justice Special Report noted that 23% of persons in state prisonsand 18% of individuals in federal prisonsreported ever having used heroin/opiates. Intermediate Sanctions are sometimes referred to as? To deal with the growing prison population England used floating prion ships called hulks. A pass must be signed by an officer to be valid. Race, ethnicity and sex are all aspects of? Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Probation Survey, Annual Parole Survey, Annual Survey of Jails, Census of Jail Inmates, and National Prisoner Statistics Program, 1980-2016. True or False? B. [72,73] Therefore, in this setting, it is important to utilize a range of HIV prevention strategies that include keeping released prisoners engaged in medical care, assisting them in taking antiretroviral therapy consistently achieving suppressed HIV RNA levels, identifying and treating sexually transmitted infections (since sexually transmitted infections can increase the risk of HIV transmission to partners), and facilitating the use of preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for community serodifferent partners. How can one compensate for the effects of price instability when constructing cost estimates using high-low or regression techniques? [11,12,13] Available data suggest that for persons with HIV and a history of opioid dependence, receipt of opiate agonist therapy within an HIV clinic upon release from prison improves HIV treatment outcomes in the community. [45] Some prison-specific barriers include unauthorized medication confiscation, medication theft, medication stock-outs, and inability to access medications during lockdowns. The United States Supreme Court awarded Gerald Gault all of the following rights except? They can replace any officer who is absent. Late in a basketball game, a team often intentionally fouls an opposing player in order to stop the game clock. If possible, allow the community care provider to visit the inmate before release. Over 5 percent of women are pregnant at the time of incarceration. The process by which a court arrives at a final decision in a case is called? The principle of least eligibility holds that? Life is typified by insecurity, stress, and unpredictability in prison., There are rarely opportunities for educational achievement in prison., There is little privacy in prison., or Deprivation of personal freedom and material goods is pronounced in prison. In a retrospective review involving 882 prisoners with HIV in the Connecticut Department of Corrections system, virologic suppression (less than 400 copies/mL) improved from 29.8% at entry to 70.0% by release. Research has shown that face-to-face contact before release results in increased likelihood of continuity in the community. In contrast, when analyzing by the prevalence rate of personswith HIV in state or federal prison, the HIV prevalence rate in women (range, 1.3-1.8%) was similar to the HIV prevalence rate in men (range, 1.3-1.4%) (Figure 11). [47] Financial barriers also prevent timely initiation or continuation of antiretroviral therapy in correctional settings. [26,30] Release from prison has been associated with increases in HIV RNA levels and decreased CD4 counts, which reflect some of the challenges with engaging in medical care and adhering to antiretroviral therapy while trying to reintegrate into society. Robert-Francois Damiens was sentenced to be quartered publicly in Paris for attempting to kill? This is called__________. The transition from a correctional facility to the community is a critical event for persons with HIV. [2,7,8] The prevalence of HIV among inmates in state prisons varies significantly by geographic region, with New York, Louisiana, and Florida having the highest prevalence (3.0% or greater) (Figure 10). For this analysis, undetectable HIV RNA was defined as HIV RNA level of less than 500 copies/mL. Some officers become intrusive and pry into the personal lives of inmates. They are meant to help you stay on track throughout each lesson and check your understanding of key concepts. A writ issued by an appellate court to obtain from a lower court the record of its proceeding in a particular case is called a? A penal institution to which especially young or first-time offenders are committed for training and reformation is called? ___________ officers are experienced correctional officers who know and can perform almost any custody role in the institution. Option A is correct. Officers who oversee the work of individual inmate work crews are called ____________. , which are essentially the same thing, both having a notion that the consequence of the act is the most important . Everyone is entitled to equal medical treatment without regard to status. ___________ is/are the common denominator for most offenders in the criminal justice system? consensual sex for gratification, sexual assault, voyeurism, or prostitution. Find state Departments of Corrections for information about state and local prisons and prisoners held in these facilities. anti-staff mentality, interracial tension, or levels of violence. Correctional Institutions. Psychology - What is Psychology? The most common sexually transmitted disease, one which affects the eyes and lungs, is? The average ratio of correctional officers to inmates in federal prisons in 2015 was ________. Within a correctional facility, the health and safety considerations for an inmate may take priority over the right to confidentiality, but some have interpreted this to mean that all officers should know the HIV status of individuals who are incarcerated. What is defined as a constellation of values, norms, and roles that regulate the way inmates interact with one another and with prison staff? With severe correctional budget cuts, prisons struggle to obtain money for? A police force with integrity is one with little or no misconduct or corruption. Source: Seth P, Figueroa A, Wang G, Reid L, Belcher L. HIV Testing, HIV Positivity, and Linkage and Referral Services in Correctional Facilities in the United States, 2009-2013. [1], At any point in time, about twice as many persons are incarcerated in prisons in the United States than in jails (Figure 1), but over the course of a year the number of individuals incarcerated in the jail system far exceeds those incarcerated in prisons (Figure 2); this difference over a year results from the low turnover rates in prisons (longer stays and infrequent releases) versus high turnover rates in jails (shorter stays and frequent releases). ___________are locally operated correctional facilities that confine people before and after conviction. What is defined as the conditional release of prisoners before they have served their full sentences? [21], Although consensual sex, rape, tattooing, and injection drug use occur within the correctional setting, available data suggest that most persons with HIV who are incarceratedacquired HIV prior to entering prison or, for those with multiple incarcerations, between periods of incarceration. 2015;105:e5-16. What is described as the secret exchange of goods and services among inmates? This answer has been confirmed as correct and helpful. [7] Epidemiologic surveys indicate the prevalence of HIV in 2015 was approximately 1.3% among inmates in correctional facilities, which is markedly higher than the 0.3 to 0.4% HIV prevalence in the general United States population. [9] The transmission of HBV within prisons could be reduced by immunizing all HBV-non-immune inmates with hepatitis B vaccine. Barriers to successful antiretroviral therapy within the correctional setting include high rates of substance use and mental health disorders, lack of continuity of medical care, distrust of prison-based medical care, and concerns about confidentiality and safety. Which of the following is NOT one of them? One study on recidivism demonstrated that the inmates who adjusted most successfully to prison life ________ to life in the free community upon release. Among different racial/ethnic groups, blacks have the highest incarceration rates. Restorative justice is especially concerned with repairing the harm to the offender. The process of transition that offenders make from prison or jail to the community is called________. Juveniles can never be held in adult jails.

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